How the Parathvar were converted in Tamil Nadu ?
The following is the excerpts from a
well-known Indian historian, George Mark Moraes, MA (Bom), D.Litt. (Rome),
D.Litt. (Strasbourg), D.A. (Vatican).
This is an exact reproduction of excerpts
from his book titled, "A History of Christianity in India", published in the
year 1964 and which was written with the assistance of Rev.Fr.E.R.Hambye, S.J,
Rev.Fr.G.Schurhammer, S.J, Rev.A.D'Cruz and
Dr.Simon Fernandes.
[This has repercussions in Sri lanka too as
many Parathavar were converted in Mannar region. But in regions south of
Puttalam this lead to their later acculturation as Sinhalese along with Karave.
Further
this coastal Tamil fishers vs Muslim
conflicts also has repercussions in West and East coast of Sri Lanka where
Muslim armed groups supported one faction versus the other. The Mukkuva- Muslim
combine was defeated in the West by the Karave. Where as in the East The
Mukkuvas-Muslim combine displaced the Thimilar]
QUOTE (START):
"…One such caste was that of the Paravas (Parathavar-
a Tamil fisher caste) who inhabited the fishery coast extending from Cape
Comorin (Kanya Kumari) to the isle of Mannar (Rameswaram) along the gulf that
bears the name.
The Paravas plied the trade of pearl
fishing, diving for pearls to the bottom of the deep where they could stay for
many hours. The season for pearl-fishing came round once in three years in the
months of march and November when, in the
absence of the strong winds, they were able to carry on their operations
undisturbed- for pearls in March and for seed-pearls in November. They
undertook
these expeditions after elaborate
preparations consisting of examination and sounding of the ocean. At the spots
where they selected for beginning their operations- which generally in the
vicinity of the Mannar and Tuticorin – there they would spring during the
season veritable colonies of these pearl-fishers only to be abandoned at the
end of the season. (Silva Rego Documatacao Vol.-II pp359-60)
The Paravas paid a small tax to the state
for permission to scour the deep for pearls. In the first quarter of the 16th
century, this contribution which was paid to the Pandyas (Tamils) till then,
came to be shared by the two powers between whom the coast was divided – the
king of Travancore, Chera Udaya Martanda, who annexed the southern half of the
coastal territory and the Vanga Tumbichi Nayak, who possesed himself to the
north. In 1516, however the state dues were farmed out by a Muslim who on
account of the profits he has realized, became the virtual master of the coast
Documentacao vol.- II p361).
According to Barbosa, he was so rich and
powerful that the people of the land honored him as much as the king. He
executed judgement and justice on the Muslims without interference from the
constituted authority. The fishers (parathavars) toiled for him for a whole
week at the close of the season, and for themselves for the rest of the time
except on Fridays when they worked for the owners of the boats (Dames, The book
of Duarte Barbosa Vol.-II pp123-24).
The Portuguese, who were the masters of the
seas, coveted this business and soon wrested it from the Muslims. In 1523, Joao
Froles, whom the Portuguese king appointed as Captain and Factor of the
fishery coast, succeeded in farming out the
dues of 1,500 cruzados a year (Corea oriente Portuguese vol.-II PP
778-79,786-87). The Muslims couldn't yield to their rivals without a struggle.
But the brunt of their attacks was visited upon the Paravas. For in their
attempt to baulk the Portuguese of their gains, they constantly harassed the
poor fishers. In consequence, the Portuguese had to maintain a flying squadron
to beat off the attacks of the Muslim Corsairs-as they termed their enemies.
Just at this juncture, Vijayanagar, which had earlier connived at the occupation
of the coast by the King of
Travancore and Tumbichi Nayak, vigorously
intervened in support of the Pandya king. The Vijayanagar forces inflicted
severe defeat on the Travancore army, and with the appearance of Vijayanagar on
the
fishery coast there was cessation of
hostilities between the Portuguese and the Muslims (Silva Rego –Oriente
Portuguese Vol.-II pp362-65).
About the year 1536 an incident occurred
which threatened to throw the coastal people into the throes of a violent
internecine warfare. In a scuffle between a Muslim and a Parava at Tuticorin,
the Parava had his ear torn out by his adversary, who out of sheer greed for the
ring it bore, carried with him. Now there was in the estimation of the Paravas
no greater affront than to have one's ears boxed and much worse, to have the
rings torn off. The incident sparked off a civil war between the Paravas and the
Muslims, and it was soon apparent that the Paravas would be beaten in the
struggle. A Muslim flotilla guarded the coast making it impossible for the
Paravas to ply their trade, and offering five fanams (panam, the then currency,
even today in Tamilnadu its common for the tamil to term money as panam) for a
Parava head (Luceana , Historia da Vida do padre S.Francisco Xavier , vol.-I liv
II , cap .VII).
Happily for the Paravas, there happened to
arrive at Cape Comorin (present day Kanya Kumari) at this time Joao da Cruz, a
horse dealer who was high in Portuguese favour. He was a page of the Zamorin
who had sent him to Portugal towards the end of 1512, when he was negotiating a
treaty with Albuquerque. He was converted to Christianity while he was there and
was admitted to the order of the Christ. He was now no longer in the service of
the Zamorin, having incurred his displeasure for changing his religion.
Joao da Cruz, who was waiting payment for
his deal at the cape (Kanya Kumari) , was approached by the Paravas for advice.
Da Cruz could see no way of saving them from their predicament other than
conversion to Christianity. For then they
would be entitled to the protection of the Portuguese and could, as a matter of
right, invoke the aid of the Padroado Portuguese. The Paravas had no alternative
but to agree and Da Cruz led a deputation of
twenty pattankattis (leaders) of the Paravas to cochin to wait on Pero Vaz, the
Vedor da Fazenda, and Miguel Vaz, the Vicar-General. These pleaded the case
of the Paravas before Nuno da Cunha, the
Governor, and it was decided that they be helped against their Muslim opponents.
Accordingly a Portuguese squadron appeared before Cape Comorin (Kanya kumari).
The Muslim flotilla sought safety in flight and the Paravas freed from bondage
could from now on ply their trade independently of the farmers, both Muslim and
Portuguese. In the meanwhile, Da Cruz persuaded the King of Travancore not to
object to the conversion of the Paravas in a body to the Christian religion,
assuring him that if he was friendly with the Portuguese he could depend on his
supply of war steeds, the mainstay of the army in those days. ( we have to
remember that there are other versions of this `agreement' some mentioning that
the Travancore king was paid some amount…most probably a part of the
gratitude-money which was extracted from the Tamil fisher folks by the
Portuguese, in addition to the conversions. The Paravas apart from getting
converted also had
to shell out 60,000 fanams to Portuguese as
protection money. This was further used to induce more conversions. I Miguel Vaz
thereupon visited the Paravas accompanied by four priests and administered
baptism to about twenty thousand people. In a few years, the number rose to
eighty thousand men, women, and children and the Christianity spread among these
people, settled both on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts (Documentacao Vol.-II
PP 257-59; Schurhammer ,art
cit. pp304-07).
The Paravas now had the protection of the
Portuguese fleet and could follow their profession undisturbed……..
QUOTE (END):
Paravar, Parathavar, Bharatakula (amongst Sinhalese)
Paravar an important community of fishers in Sri Lanka also known as Bharatakula amongst the Sinhalese gets mentioned in a 3rd century
B.C inscription in Tamil Nadu
----------------------
MADURAI SEPT.14. A rare 3rd century B.C. Tamil Brahmi inscription found near Madurai recently has brought to light the fact that not
only Pandyas and Cheras but the chiefs of the coastal region in the State also patronised Jainism in the early period. The discovery by a team of epigraphists, who undertook a survey at Arittapatti in Melur taluk, is a remarkable evidence of history of early Tamil politics, culture and language, State Archaeology department sources said here recently.
The inscription was found engraved in a cave of a hillock, where early Jain monks stayed and preached their faith. It is just four feet away from another Brahmi inscription discovered by some scholars in 1971. "Since this new inscription is carved with very thin strokes and illegible, it had not attracted the attention of the scholars so far in spite of their frequent visits to this cave," say the sources.
The inscription, engraved as a single line with 33 letters and running for 3.10 metres, reads as follows: ilanjiy vel mapparavan makan emayavan nalmuzhaukai kotupithavan. It means, "Emayavan, son of Mapparavan, chief of Ilanji, has caused the carving of this auspicious cave." It has been written in the Bhattiprolu (Andhra Pradesh) casket inscription method and so all short consonants have long strokes. As the orthography of this inscription resembles that of Mangulam inscriptions (also in Madurai district), its date may be assigned to 3rd century B.C., say the sources.
`Ilanji' denotes the name of a place, while `Vel' means chieftain. Ilanji Vel might have been a ruler of a small territory around Ilanji. There is also a village near Courtallam with the same name. Emayavan, chief of Ilanji, was the son of Mapparavan. `Paravar' denotes the people of coastal region settled in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. `Muzhaukai' means the cave in which the inscription is found and the prefix, `nal' auspiciousness.
The same word, `Nalmuzhaukai' occurs in Varichiyur Brahmi inscription also. The previous inscription found at Arittapatti also bears the word `Muzhagai', which also means cave. One of the Sangam works, `Madurai Kanchi' refers to the Paravar defeated by Padyan Nedunchezhian. Even the Velvikudi copper plate speaks of the defeat suffered by Tenparavar at the hands of a Pandya king, the sources point out.
All this evidence makes clear that the Paravars were the chiefs of the coastal region and they ruled their areas as subordinates of the Pandyas of the Sangam age. The previously discovered Brahmi inscription at Arittapatti also mentions about a chief from Nelveli (now Tirunelveli region). The inscription throws light on the proximity the chiefs of Nelveli to the Pandyas of Madurai in the Sangam age.
As many as 60 Tamil Brahmi inscriptions were found during the past over 100 years from 15 villages including, Mangualm, Anaimalai,
Azhagarmalai, Tiruvadavur, Keezhavalavu, Tirupparankundram and Varichiyur
.
The epigraphists, comprising P. Rajendran, V. Vedachalam, C. Santhalingam and R. Jayaraman, as per directions of the Commissioner
of Archaeology, R. Kannan, undertook the survey.
http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091503060500.htm
History of Paravas:
Caste that straddles both Tamil & Sinhala identity in Sri Lanka
History of Paravas:
As in other aristocratic tamil caste such as devars , Paravars are also are
very proud about their caste heritage. There are many historic reasons for the
closer relation with Pandiyan kingdom of Madurai and the Tuticorin the port city
of Pandiyan kingdom, which was the stronghold of paravars.The Paravars were the
chiefs of the coastal region and they ruled their areas as subordinates of the
Pandyas of the Sangam age ([1] [1]. The Paravars head quarter was KORKAI harbour
during the regime of Pandiyan Kingdom and they all spread into 22 fishing
hamlets namely Rajackal Mangalam, Kovalam, Kanyakumari, kumariMuttam, Kootapuli,
Perumanal, Idinthakarai, Kuthenkuly, Uvari, Periathalai, Pudukarai, Manapad,
Alanthalai, Thiruchendur, Virapandianpatnam, Thalambuli, Punnaikayal,
Palayakayal, Tuticorin, Vaippar, Chethupar, Vembar & Mookur in the pearl fishery
coast of Gulf of Mannar and adjacent Comerin coast. The paravas once a very
powerful people and no doubt derived much of their ascendancy over other tribes
from their knowledge of navigation and pearl fishery. They had a succession of
kings among them, distinguished by the title ADIYARASEN. Some of these kings
seem to have resided at UTTARA KOSAMANGAY near Ramnad. The story of this city
itself is clear evidence to this fact. Later, the leaders were called by names
Thalaivan, Pattankattiyars, Adappannars etc.,
History of Conversion of Paravas to Christianity:
The Paravas were a Tamil fisher caste who inhabited the fishery coast
extending from Cape Comorin Kanya Kumari to the isle of Mannar
(Rameswaram) along the gulf that bears the name.The Paravas plied the trade of
pearl fishing, diving for pearls to the bottom of the deep where they could stay
for many hours. The season for pearl-fishing came round once in three years in
the months of march and November when, in the absence of the strong winds, they
were able to carry on their operations undisturbed- for pearls in March and for
seed-pearls in November. They undertook these expeditions after elaborate
preparations consisting of examination and sounding of the ocean. At the spots
where they selected for beginning their operations- which generally in the
vicinity of the Mannar and Tuticorin – there they would establish whole colonies
of pearl-fishers which would be abandoned at the end of the season. (Silva Rego
Documatacao Vol.-II
pp359-60)
The Paravas paid a small tax to the state for permission to scour the deep for
pearls. In the first quarter of the 16th century, this contribution which was
paid to the Pandyas (Tamils) till then, came to be shared by the two powers
between whom the coast was divided – the king of Travancore, Chera Udaya
Martanda, who annexed the southern half of the coastal territory and the Vanga
Tumbichi Nayak, who possessed himself to the north. In 1516, however the state
dues were farmed out by a Muslim who on account of the profits he has realized,
became the virtual master of the coast Documentacao vol.- II p361).
According to Barbosa, he was so rich and powerful that the people of the land
honored him as much as the king. He executed judgement and justice on the
Muslims without interference from the constituted authority. The fishers (parathavars)
toiled for him for a whole week at the close of the season, and for themselves
for the rest of the time except on Fridays when they worked for the owners of
the boats (Dames, The book of Duarte Barbosa Vol.-II pp123-24).
The Portuguese, who were the masters of the seas, coveted this business and soon
wrested it from the Muslims. In 1523, Joao Froles, whom the Portuguese king
appointed as Captain and Factor of the fishery coast, succeeded in farming out
the dues of 1,500 cruzados a year (Corea oriente Portuguese vol.-II PP
778-79,786-87). The Muslims wouldn't yield to their rivals without a struggle.
But the brunt of their attacks was visited upon the Paravas. For in their
attempt to baulk the Portuguese of their gains, they constantly harassed the
poor fishers. In consequence, the Portuguese had to maintain a flying squadron
to beat off the attacks of the Muslim Corsairs-as they termed their enemies.
Just at this juncture, Vijayanagar, which had earlier connived at the occupation
of the coast by the King of Travancore and Tumbichi Nayak, vigorously intervened
in support of the Pandya king. The Vijayanagar forces inflicted severe defeat on
the Travancore army, and with the appearance of Vijayanagar on the fishery coast
there was cessation of hostilities between the Portuguese and the Muslims (Silva
Rego –Oriente Portuguese Vol.-II pp362-65). About the year 1536 an incident
occurred which threatened to throw the coastal people into the throes of a
violent internecine warfare. In a scuffle between a Muslim and a Parava at
Tuticorin, the Parava had his ear torn out by his adversary, who out of sheer
greed for the ring it bore, carried with him. Now there was in the estimation of
the Paravas no greater affront than to have one's ears boxed and much worse, to
have the rings torn off. The incident sparked off a civil war between the
Paravas and the Muslims, and it was soon apparent that the Paravas would be
beaten in the struggle. A Muslim flotilla guarded the coast making it impossible
for the Paravas to ply their trade, and offering five fanams (panam, the then
currency, even today in Tamilnadu its common for the tamil to term money as
panam) for a Parava head (Luceana , Historia da Vida do padre S.Francisco Xavier
, vol.-I liv II , cap .VII).
Happily for the Paravas, there happened to arrive at Cape Comorin (present day
Kanya Kumari) at this time Joao da Cruz, a horse dealer who was high in
Portuguese favour. He was a page of the Zamorin who had sent him to Portugal
towards the end of 1512, when he was negotiating a treaty with Albuquerque. He
was converted to Christianity while he was there and was admitted to the order
of the Christ. He was now no longer in the service of the Zamorin, having
incurred his displeasure for changing his religion. Joao da Cruz, who was
waiting payment for his deal at the cape (Kanya Kumari) , was approached by the
Paravas for advice. Da Cruz could see no way of saving them from their
predicament other than conversion to Christianity. For then they would be
entitled to the protection of the Portuguese and could, as a matter of right,
invoke the aid of the Padroado Portuguese. The Paravas had no alternative but to
agree and Da Cruz led a deputation of twenty pattankattis (leaders) of the
Paravas to cochin to wait on Pero Vaz, the Vedor da Fazenda, and Miguel Vaz, the
Vicar-General. These pleaded the case of the Paravas before Nuno da Cunha, the
Governor, and it was decided that they be helped against their Muslim opponents.
Accordingly a Portuguese squadron appeared before Cape Comorin (Kanya kumari).
The Muslim flotilla sought safety in flight and the Paravas freed from bondage
could from now on ply their trade independently of the farmers, both Muslim and
Portuguese. In the meanwhile, Da Cruz persuaded the King of Travancore not to
object to the conversion of the Paravas in a body to the Christian religion,
assuring him that if he was friendly with the Portuguese he could depend on his
supply of war steeds, the mainstay of the army in those days.
The Paravas apart from getting converted also had to shell out 60,000 fanams to
Portuguese as protection money. This was further used to induce more
conversions. I Miguel Vaz thereupon visited the Paravas accompanied by four
priests and administered baptism to about twenty thousand people. In a few
years, the number rose to eighty thousand men, women, and children and the
Christianity spread among these people, settled both on the Malabar and
Coromandel coasts (Documentacao Vol.-II PP 257-59; Schurhammer ,art cit.
pp304-07). The Paravas now had the protection of the Portuguese fleet and could
follow their profession undisturbed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravas